A Technical Report Into Cell Phone Jammers

A Technical Report Into Cell Phone Jammers PDA jammer is gadget used to keep mobile phones from getting signal from base station. They can be utilized anyplace yet for the most part utilized where call would be problematic. Mobile phones are extremely valuable since we can contact anybody at whenever however in some cases it become irritation. Some PDA clients dont realize when to quit talking. Jammers are utilized at study halls, sanctuaries, places of worship where quietness is required. It makes a brief no man's land to all mobile phone traffic in their air framework. How Cell Phone Jammer functions Upsetting a wireless is equivalent to sticking some other sort of radio correspondence. A mobile phone works by speaking with its administration organize through a cell tower or base station. Cell towers isolate a city into little regions. As a phone client drives down the road, the sign is given from tower to tower. Sticking gadget transmits on indistinguishable radio frequencies from the mobile phone, disturbing the correspondence between the telephone and the PDA base station in the pinnacle. Its a called a disavowal of-administration assault. The jammer prevents administration from securing the radio range to the wireless clients inside scope of the sticking gadget. Phone Jamming Device Sticking gadgets overwhelm the phone by transmitting a sign on a similar recurrence and at a sufficiently high force that the two signs impact and counterbalance one another. PDAs are intended to include power on the off chance that they experience low-level obstruction, so the jammer must perceive and match the force increment from the telephone. Mobile phones are full-duplex gadgets, which mean they utilize two separate frequencies, one for talking and one for listening all the while. A few jammers square just one of the frequencies utilized by mobile phones, which has the impact of blocking both. The telephone is fooled into speculation there is no administration since it can get just one of the frequencies. Less perplexing gadgets square just one gathering of frequencies, while advanced jammers can hinder a few kinds of systems on the double to take off double mode or tri-mode telephones that naturally switch among various system types to locate an open sign. A portion of the top of the line gadgets obstruct all frequencies on the double, and others can be tuned to explicit frequencies. To stick a PDA, you need a gadget that communicates on the right frequencies. Albeit distinctive cell frameworks process flags in an unexpected way, all wireless systems utilize radio signals that can be intruded. GSM, utilized in advanced cell and PCS-based frameworks, works in the 900-MHz and 1800-MHz groups in Europe and Asia and in the 1900-MHz band in the United States. Jammers can communicate on any recurrence and are compelling against AMPS, CDMA, TDMA, GSM, PCS, DCS, iDEN and Nextel frameworks. Antiquated simple PDAs and todays advanced gadgets are similarly powerless to sticking. The scope of the jammer relies upon its capacity and the nearby condition, which may incorporate slopes or dividers of a structure that hinder the sticking sign. Low-fueled jammers square brings in a scope of around 30 feet (9 m). More powerful units make a sans cell zone as extensive as a football field. Units utilized by law authorization can close down assistance up to 1 mile (1.6 km) from the gadget. Inside Cell telephone Jammers Wireless jammers are exceptionally essential gadgets. It simply has an on/off switch and a light that shows its on. Progressively mind boggling gadgets have changes to initiate sticking at various frequencies. Parts of a jammer: Radio wire Each sticking gadget has a radio wire to impart the sign. Some are contained inside an electrical bureau. On more grounded gadgets, reception apparatuses are outer to give longer range and might be tuned for singular frequencies. Hardware: The principle electronic segments of a jammer are: Voltage-controlled oscillator Generates the radio sign that will meddle with the mobile phone signal Tuning circuit Controls the recurrence at which the jammer communicates its sign by sending a specific voltage to the oscillator Commotion generator Produces arbitrary electronic yield in a predefined recurrence range to stick the phone arrange signal (some portion of the tuning circuit) RF intensification (gain stage) Boosts the intensity of the radio recurrence yield to sufficiently high levels to stick a sign Force gracefully Littler sticking gadgets are battery worked. Some appear as though mobile phone and use PDA batteries. More grounded gadgets can be connected to a standard outlet or wired into a vehicles electrical framework. Phone Jammer Applications Phone sticking gadgets were initially created for law authorization and the military to interfere with interchanges by hoodlums and fear mongers. The bombs that exploded passenger prepares in Spain in March 2004, just as impacts in Bali in October 2002 and Jakarta in August 2003, all depended on phones to trigger explosives. It has been generally detailed that a mobile phone jammer impeded a death endeavor on Pakistani President Musharraf in December 2003. At the point when President Bush visited London in November 2004, it was accounted for that British police considered utilizing jammers to ensure the presidents motorcade through London. During a prisoner circumstance, police can control when and where a captor can make a call. Police can square calls during a medication assault so presumes cant impart outside the territory. Phone jammers can be utilized in regions where radio transmissions are risky, (regions with a possibly hazardous air, for example, concoction storerooms or grain lifts. Partnerships use jammers to stop corporate reconnaissance by blocking voice transmissions and photograph transmissions from camera telephones. There are bits of gossip that lodging networks introduce jammers to square visitors wireless use and power them to use in-room telephones at high rates. Mobile phone Jamming Legal Issues In the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and numerous different nations, blocking mobile phone administrations is illegal. In the United States, mobile phone sticking is secured under the Communications Act of 1934, which restricts individuals from determinedly or perniciously meddling with the radio correspondences of any station authorized or approved to work. Indeed, the production, importation, deal or offer available to be purchased, including publicizing, of gadgets intended to square or jam remote transmissions is precluded also. Sticking is viewed as property burglary, on the grounds that a privately owned business has bought the rights to the radio range, and sticking the range is similar to taking the property the organization has bought. The Federal Communications Commission is accused of upholding sticking laws. Be that as it may, the office has not yet arraigned anybody for mobile phone sticking. In many nations, it is illicit for private residents to stick wireless transmission, yet a few nations are permitting organizations and government associations to introduce jammers in zones where mobile phone use is viewed as an open aggravation. Armenia: legitimate [citation needed] Australia: unlawful to work, flexibly or have Belgium: unlawful to sell, have and work (authorized piece of the range). Canada: illicit, with the exception of by government law-authorization offices who have gotten endorsement People groups Republic of China: Used by the Education government office as a strategy for frustrating cheating in schools. During significant finish of year tests, cell phone jammers are utilized in regions encompassing secondary schools to forestall understudies inside from accepting calls or instant messages, which might be utilized for illegal purposes. In certain regions be that as it may, as opposed to the utilization of jammers, portable sign towers near schools are briefly closed down for the span of the week as tests are in progress. Czech Republic: illicit. Denmark: illicit. Finland: illicit. France: France authorized wireless jammers in (cinemas) and different spots with exhibitions in 2004.Abandoned because of protests in regards to crisis calls. Still lawfully utilized inside correctional facilities. Germany: unlawful, yet establishment in prisons has been proposed. India: Government, Religious Places, Prisons and Educational Institution use jammers. Iran: illicit to work for regular people yet considered police powers and military. It is anyway lawful to possess such units, which can be purchased in electronic markets without a permit. In many correctional facilities, libraries and college study halls such jammers are as of now being used. In the 2009-2010 Iranian political race fights, police powers utilized PDA and Bluetooth jammers. Ireland: unlawful to work. Lawfully utilized inside jails by the Irish Prison Service. Italy: in fact not illicit to claim, however unlawful to work, since the Italian law explicitly restricts upsetting radio and calling correspondences. GSM jammers are anyway lawful to be utilized in places like clinics, houses of worship, cinemas and different spots with exhibitions, and different structures where and when the utilization of cell phones may bring about a break of delicate data: on such events, jammers are lawful as long as their activity doesnt meddle with electronic clinical gear and permits cell phones to make crisis calls. Tri-Band Jammers are saved to, and being used with, the police powers and are being tested in detainment facilities. Japan: Illegal to utilize, yet legitimate to possess. Purchasing of versatile short range forms is permitted. Utilization of fixed high yield jammers with long range is unlawful, with fines of up to max $250,000USD as well as 5 years in jail. Mexico: lawful inside prisons, frequently utilized additionally in chapels and emergency clinics. New Zealand: lawful inside prisons. Norway: illicit to possess and work. The police and the military can utilize jammers in circumstances in which it is fundamental. Pakistan: lawful inside banks, regularly utilized likewise in libraries. Switzerland: illicit. Turkey: illicit. Just the police and the military use jammers. Ukraine: lawful, intended to be utilized in schools Joined Kingdom: unlawful to utilize, yet lawful to possess. Establishment in correctional facilities has been proposed US: C

How to Use the French Expression Pas de Problème

Instructions to Use the French Expression Pas de Problã ¨me The French expressionâ pas de problã ¨meâ (pronounced dad deu-pruh-blem) is one that youll hear in any laid-back discussion. Truly interpreted, the expression implies not any issue, however any English speaker will remember it as no issue or no concerns. Its a convenient expression to know and consideredâ acceptable decorum in casual discourse as a methods for saying 'sorry' or recognizing a conciliatory sentiment, just as comforting somebody after a faux pas. The proper form of this phrase,â il ny a pas de problã ¨me, is likewise adequate in any circumstance. Models Reason moi pour mon restlessness.  Im sorry for my impatience.Pas de problã ¨me.  No issue, dont stress over it. Cest pas vrai ! Jai oubliã © mon portefeuille. Gee golly, I overlook my wallet.Pas de problã ¨me, je tinvite.  No issue, its my treat. You can likewise utilize pas de problã ¨me to ask whether theres an issue with respect to something explicit: Question argent/travail, tu nas pas de problã ¨me?  Are you OK for cash/work? Question temps, on na pas de problà ¨me ? Are we OK for time? Related Expressions Cela ne me/nous/lui present pas de problã ¨me.  Thats no issue for me/us/him.Il/Elle na pas de problã ¨me de compte en banqueâ !  He/She is chuckling right to the bank!Pas de problã ¨me, cest sur mon chemin.â â No issue, its on my way.Pas de problã ¨me! No difficulty at all!Les confirmations vont tout rembourser,â pas de probleme.â The strategy will cover it. Thatsâ not a problem. Tu sais, si je dois partir demain, je pense que ca ne poseraitâ pas de probleme.â You know, on the off chance that everything finished tomorrow, I think Idâ be okay.Si à §a ne vous fait rien. -  Pas de problà ¨me.  If you dont mind. -  Fine. Equal Expressions Ça va. Its okCe home pas grave. Don't worry about it. (truly, its not serious)Cela ne fait/prã ©sente aucune difficultã © Its ok.Il ny an aucun mal.  No hurt done.Tout va bien. Its alright. (actually, everything is going well)(informal)  laise!â No prob! (actually, easily)(informal) Pas de souci.  No worries.(informal) Y a pas de là ©zard!  No prob! (actually, theres no lizard)(formal) Qu cela ne tienne. That isn't an issue. (truly, upon that may it not depend)

ASEAN Integration by cultural and Literal Development Essay

â€Å"PASUC socio social and scholarly improvement towards ASEAN Integration† How does PASUC socio social and abstract advancement can be a route towards ASEAN Integration? (Not yet done) Progress. An extremely gigantic word, hard to accomplish and an exceptionally significant standard for third class nations. 7,000 and a hundred seven islands called Philippines are limited with a blessing from God as information and insight. It has been accomplished through the agonies, sweat and blood of our progenitors. Now and again like this where monetary disparity is being an emergency in all the pieces of the globe, our insight needs improvement. This prompts new questions that have given our age an undertaking to endeavor more to accomplish socio social and artistic turn of events; gaining ground towards ASEAN Integration. Artistic and socio social improvement offers an extraordinary open door not exclusively to oneself yet in addition to the nation in various terms to make Philippines all around serious. Accomplishing such improvement requires a great deal of exertion since network ought to be first taught on what the reconciliation involves so business people can boost the advantages of facilitated commerce. The Integration is relied upon to support ventures, work creation, and wages in the locale. While the ASEAN Integration is relied upon to even the odds among ventures in the locale, it is likewise expected that Philippine firms should prepare for an exceptional rivalry with their ASEAN partners. An extraordinary rivalry will along these lines increase current standards for development, quality and profitability, which will empower organizations to contend head on with different players. To have the option to contend to neighboring nations in Asia, Philippines regarding financial factor, we ought to be educated and socio social mindful. Beginning from our University can make such huge change. Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges for sure sharpens understudies to be progressively learned by presenting programs that creates proficiency. For instance, directing challenges and trainings that step up intelligence of understudies. Education and socio social mindfulness gives Filipinos trust in confronting nearby managers as well as abroad. This is prove by Filipinos everywhere throughout the globe hanging out in their picked profession. Since ASEAN or Association of South East Asian Nation is perhaps the most elevated association here in Asia, it is a respect and an incredible benefit to be the piece of the said joining. Once more, the youthful and theâ middle class are the drivers of development. Be that as it may, we can't benefit from these chances on the off chance that we don't do the correct things. On account of the Philippines, we have to put resources into instructing our youngsters. That is the test for the PASUC †to turn into an impetus for mix itself. It will be an all the more overwhelming test for littler areas like Universities however this is the place the=government can step in to encourage the sharing of data. It is right now that the essential job of PASUC just as the understudies must go to the fore by being the instrument in impacting individuals in grasping and advancing socio social and scholarly improvement through University sharpening for accomplishing positive outcomes that develops a scaffold to ASEAN joining. Especially, the school must participate in implementing the use of higher caliber of instruction and trainings. Not just PASUC must fix the grasp to the objectives yet in addition the Filipinos themselves. Participation and cooperation can get this going, for one voice may be a murmur however a thousand murmurs make a major ROAR.

Breaking a social norms Free Essays

What Is your paper about? What will you say? Hypothesis: Discuss in detail the hypothetical issues that are identified with social standards as a rule and to the one you decided to break specifically. Where do social standards originate from? What Is the social standard that you picked and how and for what reason did It develop? How does your conduct break the social standard? For what reason is the social standard you broke a social standard? By what method may regularizing and Informational social Influence identify with acquiescence to this arm? Is it a spellbinding or an injunctive standard (what are those and why)? What expectations did you have about how you would feel or how individuals would respond? Inform all that you know regarding social standards and why It identifies with the hypothesis. Make a point to address every one of these inquiries sooner or later in your paper or you will lose Your experience: Describe how your conduct breaks the social standard. We will compose a custom article test on Breaking a social standards or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now What did you do? Depict the responses of the individuals when you broke the social standard. Did they blow up? Did they give you abnormal looks? Did anybody say anything? Did various sorts of individuals respond in various manners? For what reason did they respond along these lines? Did they respond how you anticipated? You will likewise need to discuss how you felt. Did you feel humiliated? Debilitated to your stomach? Freed from society? Talk about any responses or emotions regarding the significant hypotheses and studies. It may be additionally amusing to conjecture about how another person may have felt in the event that they were in your position. Combination: How does your experience identify with the speculations? Do various speculations of similarity anticipate the responses you got when you broke the There are numerous other intriguing inquiries and issues that you may decide to raise when considering the experience of breaking a standard. Determination: Take a stage back to take a gander at the comprehensive view of social standards. Assess your sentiments and the conduct you saw with regards to the hypotheses. What does your experience need to add to the hypothesis? The most effective method to refer to Breaking a social standards, Papers

An Open Letter to First Year Students

An Open Letter to First Year Students Here is an open letter to new students entering their first year Here is an open letter to new students entering their first year Dear First Year Student, Congratulations! If you’re reading this, it means you’re about to take your first steps into the world of post-secondary education. Whether you’ve been dreaming of college or university since before you can remember, or you just chose a school and program on a whim, this is an exciting time that will be filled with many firsts. With new experiences comes new anxieties; unfamiliar settings can bring along many uncertainties which may leave you with feelings of doubt. Although this may be overwhelming, please do not fret â€" this is completely normal! Like you, other first-year students have the same questions: Where is my next class? Who will I connect with if I need help? Will anyone want to be friends with me? While we cannot offer a one-size-fits-all answer, we can say this: everything will work out the way it’s supposed to. We’ve all been there, and this transition that you are about to experience will be life-changing. University and college is a stepping stone into adulthood. While this may seem scary, it is actually very freeing. You are finally responsible and accountable for your own decisions that you get to make without needing to ask for permission. No curfew, no constant nagging, and no one to answer to. At the same time, this means you need to consider all consequences for your actions which should come naturally once you’ve gotten into the swing of things. Finally, you get to live life the way you choose to. This means your attitude goes a long way as well. While there are thousands of students on campus, you tend to see the same faces on a regular basis â€" after all, you’re going to the same classes at the same time every single week. With this in mind, it is crucial to treat every interaction in a kind and considerate way. This will help you form connections and friendships with classmates. Whether you need a favour one day such as someone sending you their class notes, or if you have an actual emergency you need help with, these interactions will determine who has your back. First and foremost, you’re beginning your post-secondary education in the hopes of just that â€" getting educated! Classes will be thought-provoking, deadlines will be firm, and projects will be intense. At times, you will likely be overwhelmed but don’t worry â€" with the guidance you can receive from your academic advisor, the feedback you will gain from your teaching assistants, and any assignment help you may need from us, you will be well on your way to earning your degree or diploma, just like you intend to! After all, we’ve been there before, and now it is your turn. Yours Truly, The Homework Help Global Team References: Biali, S. (2012, January 17). How to Manage the Anxiety That Comes With Change. Retrieved August 27, 2017, from how-manage-the-anxiety-comes-change An Open Letter to First Year Students Here is an open letter to new students entering their first year Here is an open letter to new students entering their first year Dear First Year Student, Congratulations! If you’re reading this, it means you’re about to take your first steps into the world of post-secondary education. Whether you’ve been dreaming of college or university since before you can remember, or you just chose a school and program on a whim, this is an exciting time that will be filled with many firsts. With new experiences comes new anxieties; unfamiliar settings can bring along many uncertainties which may leave you with feelings of doubt. Although this may be overwhelming, please do not fret â€" this is completely normal! Like you, other first-year students have the same questions: Where is my next class? Who will I connect with if I need help? Will anyone want to be friends with me? While we cannot offer a one-size-fits-all answer, we can say this: everything will work out the way it’s supposed to. We’ve all been there, and this transition that you are about to experience will be life-changing. University and college is a stepping stone into adulthood. While this may seem scary, it is actually very freeing. You are finally responsible and accountable for your own decisions that you get to make without needing to ask for permission. No curfew, no constant nagging, and no one to answer to. At the same time, this means you need to consider all consequences for your actions which should come naturally once you’ve gotten into the swing of things. Finally, you get to live life the way you choose to. This means your attitude goes a long way as well. While there are thousands of students on campus, you tend to see the same faces on a regular basis â€" after all, you’re going to the same classes at the same time every single week. With this in mind, it is crucial to treat every interaction in a kind and considerate way. This will help you form connections and friendships with classmates. Whether you need a favour one day such as someone sending you their class notes, or if you have an actual emergency you need help with, these interactions will determine who has your back. First and foremost, you’re beginning your post-secondary education in the hopes of just that â€" getting educated! Classes will be thought-provoking, deadlines will be firm, and projects will be intense. At times, you will likely be overwhelmed but don’t worry â€" with the guidance you can receive from your academic advisor, the feedback you will gain from your teaching assistants, and any assignment help you may need from us, you will be well on your way to earning your degree or diploma, just like you intend to! After all, we’ve been there before, and now it is your turn. Yours Truly, The Homework Help Global Team References: Biali, S. (2012, January 17). How to Manage the Anxiety That Comes With Change. Retrieved August 27, 2017, from how-manage-the-anxiety-comes-change

An Open Letter to First Year Students

An Open Letter to First Year Students Here is an open letter to new students entering their first year Here is an open letter to new students entering their first year Dear First Year Student, Congratulations! If you’re reading this, it means you’re about to take your first steps into the world of post-secondary education. Whether you’ve been dreaming of college or university since before you can remember, or you just chose a school and program on a whim, this is an exciting time that will be filled with many firsts. With new experiences comes new anxieties; unfamiliar settings can bring along many uncertainties which may leave you with feelings of doubt. Although this may be overwhelming, please do not fret â€" this is completely normal! Like you, other first-year students have the same questions: Where is my next class? Who will I connect with if I need help? Will anyone want to be friends with me? While we cannot offer a one-size-fits-all answer, we can say this: everything will work out the way it’s supposed to. We’ve all been there, and this transition that you are about to experience will be life-changing. University and college is a stepping stone into adulthood. While this may seem scary, it is actually very freeing. You are finally responsible and accountable for your own decisions that you get to make without needing to ask for permission. No curfew, no constant nagging, and no one to answer to. At the same time, this means you need to consider all consequences for your actions which should come naturally once you’ve gotten into the swing of things. Finally, you get to live life the way you choose to. This means your attitude goes a long way as well. While there are thousands of students on campus, you tend to see the same faces on a regular basis â€" after all, you’re going to the same classes at the same time every single week. With this in mind, it is crucial to treat every interaction in a kind and considerate way. This will help you form connections and friendships with classmates. Whether you need a favour one day such as someone sending you their class notes, or if you have an actual emergency you need help with, these interactions will determine who has your back. First and foremost, you’re beginning your post-secondary education in the hopes of just that â€" getting educated! Classes will be thought-provoking, deadlines will be firm, and projects will be intense. At times, you will likely be overwhelmed but don’t worry â€" with the guidance you can receive from your academic advisor, the feedback you will gain from your teaching assistants, and any assignment help you may need from us, you will be well on your way to earning your degree or diploma, just like you intend to! After all, we’ve been there before, and now it is your turn. Yours Truly, The Homework Help Global Team References: Biali, S. (2012, January 17). How to Manage the Anxiety That Comes With Change. Retrieved August 27, 2017, from how-manage-the-anxiety-comes-change An Open Letter to First Year Students Here is an open letter to new students entering their first year Here is an open letter to new students entering their first year Dear First Year Student, Congratulations! If you’re reading this, it means you’re about to take your first steps into the world of post-secondary education. Whether you’ve been dreaming of college or university since before you can remember, or you just chose a school and program on a whim, this is an exciting time that will be filled with many firsts. With new experiences comes new anxieties; unfamiliar settings can bring along many uncertainties which may leave you with feelings of doubt. Although this may be overwhelming, please do not fret â€" this is completely normal! Like you, other first-year students have the same questions: Where is my next class? Who will I connect with if I need help? Will anyone want to be friends with me? While we cannot offer a one-size-fits-all answer, we can say this: everything will work out the way it’s supposed to. We’ve all been there, and this transition that you are about to experience will be life-changing. University and college is a stepping stone into adulthood. While this may seem scary, it is actually very freeing. You are finally responsible and accountable for your own decisions that you get to make without needing to ask for permission. No curfew, no constant nagging, and no one to answer to. At the same time, this means you need to consider all consequences for your actions which should come naturally once you’ve gotten into the swing of things. Finally, you get to live life the way you choose to. This means your attitude goes a long way as well. While there are thousands of students on campus, you tend to see the same faces on a regular basis â€" after all, you’re going to the same classes at the same time every single week. With this in mind, it is crucial to treat every interaction in a kind and considerate way. This will help you form connections and friendships with classmates. Whether you need a favour one day such as someone sending you their class notes, or if you have an actual emergency you need help with, these interactions will determine who has your back. First and foremost, you’re beginning your post-secondary education in the hopes of just that â€" getting educated! Classes will be thought-provoking, deadlines will be firm, and projects will be intense. At times, you will likely be overwhelmed but don’t worry â€" with the guidance you can receive from your academic advisor, the feedback you will gain from your teaching assistants, and any assignment help you may need from us, you will be well on your way to earning your degree or diploma, just like you intend to! After all, we’ve been there before, and now it is your turn. Yours Truly, The Homework Help Global Team References: Biali, S. (2012, January 17). How to Manage the Anxiety That Comes With Change. Retrieved August 27, 2017, from how-manage-the-anxiety-comes-change

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Lab Report - 2200 Words

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Lab Report (Lab Report Sample) Content: ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) LAB REPORTName of ClassStudents NameProfessors NameEnzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Lab ReportNhat My Vu - 000952223IntroductionEnzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay abbreviated as ELISA is a quantitative analytical technique used primarily in immunology. The technique is carried out to detect and measure or estimate the quantities of antibodies using ligand conjugated to an enzyme that makes a substrate change its color CITATION Del11 \l 1033 (Delves, et al., 2011).This test can be used to determine if you have antibodies related to certain infectious conditions. More often than not, an Elisa test serves as a diagnosis to HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease, pernicious anemia and syphilis, among many other infections. CITATION Kin15 \l 1033 (Kinman, 2015). An ELISA test serves as a screening tool before in-depth tests are ordered. Supposing one shows the signs and symptoms of a given condition, an ELISA test is administered to dete rmine the presence or absence of the condition. CITATION Kin15 \l 1033 (Kinman, 2015) The purpose of this lab is to determine the presence of serum antibodies that target the HIV antigen. There are four different types of ELISA techniques, which include are direct ELISA, indirect ELISA, capture ELISA (sandwich), and competitive ELISA. The two main ELISA techniques that detect the amount of antigens or antibodies are direct ELISA and indirect ELISA. Direct ELISA involves the surface of the well of the strip covered directly with antibody or antigen, in other words the wells coated directly with primary antibodyCITATION Ayd15 \l 1033 (Aydin, 2015). Indirect ELISA involves the attachment of the antigen to the polystyrene plate, but in this case, the primary antibody is not labeled. An enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody is then added. This format is used most often to detect specific antibodies fin sera. Sandwich ELISA involves the attachment of a capture antibody to the polystyrene plate. Samples containing known or unknown antigen are then added in a matrix or buffer that will minimize attachment to the solid phase. An enzyme-labelled antibody is then added for detection. The competitive ELISA involves the simultaneous addition of competing antibodies or proteins. The decrease in signal of samples where the second antibody or protein is added gives a highly specific result. CITATION Eli \l 1033 (Anon., n.d.) This experiment was using indirect ELISA technique to test the two unknown samples given for the specific antibodies that is in the presence of HIV, and to define the amount of antibody in each patient sample CITATION Dye \l 1033 (Dyer Pecorino, n.d.). Moreover, this lab involved a serial dilution, which is a method, used to determine an antibody concentration by measuring the change of the color spectrometically (e.d). The ELISA test is used in many different fields such as for biological purposes, nutrition, biomedical, and pharmaceutical. In biome dical fields, ELISA is used in research and diagnosis laboratories to detect the concentration of different things such as concentration of hormone, peptides, and proteinsCITATION Ayd15 \l 1033 (Aydin, 2015)MethodReferred to the Practical Handbook Protocol CITATION Dye \l 1033 (Dyer Pecorino, n.d.)Result 1 Standard Calibration DataConcentration Group Absorbance Mean Absorbance of Whole Class Data 0 0.058 0.081 1 0.076 0.081 2 0.086 0.111 4 0.069 0.111 8 0.089 0.107 16 0.115 0.128 31 0.306 0.156 63 0.248 0.230 125 0.333 0.285 250 0.381 0.351 500 0.440 0.399 1000 0.366 0.408 Table 1: Individual group absorbance and the whole class absorbance mean, this table used to graph the standard calibration curve. (Data in green field represent the range of concentration data (16ng/ml 500ng/ml) was used for analysis, which is used to calculate the concentration of control samples and unknown samples)34290012255500Figure 1: Standard Calibration Curve of individual group vs absorbance means of the whole class data. An individual group calibration curve compared to the whole class mean curve is slightly different even though the both curve having increasing trend but the individual group curve is fluctuated for a little bit. 1 Each group data of the whole class data set.GROUP Slope Intercept Positive Abs Positive Conc Patient A Abs Patient A Conc Patient B Abs Patient B Conc Group 121/10/16 1 0.0008 0.1159 0.3993 370.0064 0.3630 322.572 0.1790 82.3530 2 0.0005 0.1479 0.4097 509.8701 0.3983 487.797 0.2287 167.3500 3 0.0008 0.1208 0.3843 349.5377 0.4873 477.3941 0.3670 328.0214 4 0.0005 0.1434 0.3327 394.4098 0.3073 341.6240 0.2130 145.0666 5 0.0001 0.3799 0.4227 571.0129 0.4187 517.6560 0.2647 -1536.5838 6 0.0001 0.1374 0.1670 311.8762 0.1283 -96.0835 0.1043 -349.2998 7 0.0006 0.1519 0.3963 406.9195 0.3413 315.3670 0.1830 51.8068 Group 29/11/16 8 0.0007 0.0851 0.4097 496.8844 0.4300 528.0129 0.2600 267.7582 9 0.0005 0.1108 0.3373 491.0946 0.3973 621.1433 0.2993 408. 7305 10 0.0005 0.2027 0.4077 396.7317 0.4010 383.8293 0.2963 181.2623 11 0.0007 0.1611 0.4207 396.8237 0.3937 355.5417 0.2653 159.3250 12 0.0007 0.1308 0.3977 382.4948 0.3720 345.7086 0.2227 131.6802 13 0.0006 0.2033 0.4293 376.6480 0.3147 185.5537 0.3727 282.2118 14 0.0007 0.1824 0.4510 383.7400 0.4453 375.6430 0.2660 119.3947 15 0.0004 0.2433 0.3573 265.9704 0.3113 153.7268 0.2307 -29.3381 16 0.0005 0.2242 0.3850 313.7208 0.3947 332.5776 0.2527 55.5774 17 0.0007 0.1783 0.4967 441.5708 0.4140 326.9104 0.3150 189.5954 Group 311/11/16 1 0.0005 0.2229 0.2873 130.6771 0.2890 134.0599 0.1890 -68.9070 2 0.0006 0.1234 0.4730 563.8919 0.4410 512.2797 0.3187 314.9709 3 0.0002 0.0779 0.0743 -15.1391 0.0557 -93.8930 0.0597 -77.0171 4 0.0002 0.3315 0.6323 1730.381 0.4807 853.1318 0.3280 -19.8683 5 0.0008 0.1156 0.5037 472.8354 0.5047 474.0539 0.2403 151.9824 6 0.0004 0.1592 0.3653 570.6485 0.3063 407.3175 0.1667 20.6754 7 0.0005 0.1804 0.3060 242.2535 0.3060 242.2535 0.1900 18.59 74 8 0.0005 0.1890 0.3287 263.0817 0.3213 249.2650 0.1780 -20.7887 9 0.0006 0.1946 0.3553 283.4944 0.1247 -123.278 0.3490 272.3258 10 0.0006 0.1493 0.0573 -161.497 0.1347 -25.7309 0.3490 350.5530 Table 2: Absorbance and Concentration of Positive Control, Patient A and Patient B Samples. Absorbance was measured by the microplate reader and concentration was calculated by using intercepts and slope from excel from each group in the whole class data set. All the red letters represents the groups that have outliers data, the grey highlight is the actual outliers value.3. Whole class dataset for Positive control, Patient A, and Patient B, also define the outliers from each set.A.4286251651100B.45720045085005048258572500C.Figure 2: (A) Positive control, (B) Patient A, (C) Patient B concentration data from table 2. Graph demonstrated the whole class data of positive control, Patient A and Patient B concentration. Red dots on the graph represent the outliers in the set of positive contro l data. In these three graphs, there are some extreme values that are out of range and can clearly observed through the graph, which indicates the outliers. Outliers can be extremely high or extremely low. 1 Standard deviation, mean, and median for positive control, patient A, and patient B from the whole class Mean Median Standard deviatio...